| Glengarry Light Infantry | |
|---|---|
| Active | February 1812 - 18 May 1815 |
| Country | Upper Canada |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| Branch | Army |
| Type | Light Infantry |
| Size | Battalion |
| Engagements | Battle of Ogdensburg Battle of York Battle of Fort George Battle of Lundy's Lane |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders |
Edward Baynes George MacDonnell Robert McDouall |
The Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles were a light infantry unit, raised chiefly in the Glengarry District of Upper Canada shortly before the outbreak of the Anglo-American War of 1812. The unit fought throughout the war, and was disbanded shortly afterwards.
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It was proposed to form a unit of fencibles, under the same terms of enlistment as regular soldiers but obliged to serve in North America only, as early as 1807. The Secretary of State for War and the Colonies rejected a scheme to raise a fencible unit from the Glengarry district in Upper Canada. Many of the inhabitants were emigrants from Glengarry in Scotland, where they had served in a unit, the Glengarry Fencibles, which had been disbanded when the Treaty of Amiens had been signed, ending the war between Britain and republican France.
In 1808, Governor General Sir James Craig issued a letter of service authorising the raising of the unit on his own authority. He was forced to withdraw it a month later as the unit's officers could not raise the promised number of men in time.[1]
In 1812 however, Craig's replacement as Governor General, Sir George Prévost, again decided to raise the unit on his own responsibility. He appointed Captain George MacDonnell of the 8th (King's Regiment to raise the "Glengarry levy", which initially was to have a strength of 376 other ranks. Recruits came from districts as far away as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Most were of Scottish origins or extraction. French-speakers or recent immigrants from the United States of America were not allowed to join the unit. (Many of the French-speakers served instead in the Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry.) Recruits were granted a bounty of four guineas on enlistment, and were promised 100 acres of land after the war.[2]
Partly through the efforts of the unit's chaplain, Alexander Macdonell, the unit grew during formation to a strength of 600, and the establishment of officers was also increased. Prévost renamed the corps the Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles and appointed his adjutant-general, Edward Baynes, as the regiment's colonel. Major Francis Battersby, also of the 8th (King's) Regiment, was promoted to be the Glengarry unit's lieutenant colonel. Captain George MacDonnell was promoted to be the unit's major.
The unit first gathered for training at Trois-Rivières during the first half of 1812. During the later months of the year, the unit's companies were deployed to various locations in Upper Canada, to act as a nucleus around which the local militia could form in a crisis. On 3 October, two companies were stationed at Prescott on the Saint Lawrence River and were involved in a failed attack on Ogdensburg on the American side of the river. The attack was called off when American artillery ranged in on the boats carrying the attackers.
On 22 February 1813, George MacDonnell (who had been promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed to command the garrison at Prescott) mounted another, successful, attack across the frozen river. In the Battle of Ogdensburg, a company of the Glengarry Light Infantry and some militia made a frontal attack, while the main body of Macdonell's force turned the American right flank. The Reverend Alexander Macdonell was conspicuous in urging on the Glengarry soldiers and militia in their advance.
A company was present at the Battle of York but was able to play little part, as they were misdirected by the commander of the Upper Canadian militia. Another company suffered severe losses at the Battle of Fort George, trying to prevent American troops landing on the lake shore to outflank the fort. Yet another company was present at the Battle of Sackett's Harbor, where troops under Prevost and Baynes withdrew after failing to drive American troops from buildings and hastily-constructed defences.
During the later part of 1813, the entire regiment was concentrated around Fort George, and was engaged for several weeks in harassing the American outposts around the captured fort.
The regiment was built back up to strength during the following winter. A company took part in the Raid on Fort Oswego in the spring of 1814. During the following summer the full regiment, together with the light infantry companies of four regular line regiments, formed a covering force on the Niagara Peninsula, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pearson. Later, on 25 July, the regiment formed part of a light infantry brigade under Pearson and played a major part in the Battle of Lundy's Lane. They harassed the left flank of the American army but suffered casualties when mistaken for Americans by other inexperienced British troops.
During the remainder of 1814, the regiment performed outpost duty during the unsuccessful Siege of Fort Erie, and a detachment was present at the Battle of Malcolm's Mills, the last action of the war on the Niagara Peninsula.
The regiment was disbanded shortly after the war.
When Craig first tried to form the unit he proposed that wear the dress of Scottish highland regiments, with a Glengarry tartan plaid.[3] Prevost intended the unit to be used as skirmishing light infantry and it adopted a dark green uniform with black facings as worn by the 95th Rifles. However, they were armed with the smoothbore Brown Bess musket (possibly the New Land Service version, with rudimentary backsight) rather than the Baker rifle. Also, unlike the 95th Rifles, the Glengarry Light Infantry were granted colours.
The regimental badge, worn on the front of the shako, was a strung bugle on which the letters "G L I" were superimposed, in white metal. The crossbelt plate featured a thistle surrounded by the words "Glengarry Light Infantry."
Officers' uniforms consisted of a dark green dolman and pantaloons, with a crimson sash. They also wore a black shoulder belt, with a silver whistle and chain. Their shako badge was of the same design as that for other ranks, but was of silver. They may also have had a dark green pelisse, with black cords and black fur trim.[3]